Tag: Automobile Travel

Maude and Alfred Waters, Part Three

MRW2 Comments

Maude and Alfred Waters were travellers – for pleasure, for business and for civic responsibilities (such as the trips Alfred made, mentioned in Part Two, to Portland, Oregon and Kansas City, Missouri as a delegate to the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress).  During the nearly twenty years of his first marriage, Alfred and his wife Josie made frequent trips to their hometown in New York, where Alfred as a real estate agent often convinced friends and acquaintances to resettle in Kingsbury County.1  After Maude and Alfred married, their first journey together was reported in the May 1904 news article announcing their marriage.  The article stated that the wedding guests left “the banquet hall only in time to accompany the happy couple to the train to see them started upon a trip to the eastern cities, which is to occupy about two weeks’ time.”2  The depot from which they departed is not the depot that currently stands in the town of De Smet.  The original two-storey building stood on the north side of the railroad tracks.  Nearly a year after the Waters took their wedding trip, that building burned to the ground on Easter Sunday, April 1905.3  A one-storey train station was built in 1906 on the south side of the railroad tracks.  The latter building no longer serves as a train station, it is presently an historical museum, Depot Museum.

Some of Maude and Alfred’s trips which were recorded in the local newspaper include the following:

  • May 30, 1905     A trip to Winona, Minnesota for a short visit with friends.4
  • July 16, 1909     A week visiting the John Hayden family near Wasta, a town in western South Dakota.5  Mrs. Hayden was Alfred’s cousin, nee Ella M. Fairchild.  Alfred’s and Ella’s mothers were sisters.
  • November 1, 1909     A trip to Wisconsin to visit friends.6
  • May 26, 1911     The return from an extended trip to the Pacific coast.7
  • September 16, 1916     A train trip to Chicago, using the Rock Island rail line.8
News item in the Kingsbury County Independent
May 26, 1911

About seven years after the first trip that Maude and Alfred made together, the local newspaper reported that they had begun a trip by auto, rather than by train, on July 17, 1911.9  Alfred had registered a 40-horsepower Buick with a horn and lights on September 15, 1909.10  Those accompanying the Waters on the automobile trip were Mr. and Mrs. George Moody and Miss Bertha Eggleston.  George Moody and his wife Margaret arrived in Kingsbury County about 1882, not long after Alfred had arrived.  For a number of years George worked as a field representative for Alfred’s real estate business.11  During this auto trip, the party drove to Big Stone and stayed for a day or two, then drove to Detroit Lake, where they joined Dr. Coulter, of Winnipeg, and his family, who were vacationing.  Big Stone was on the border of South Dakota and Minnesota, approximately 110 miles northeast of De Smet.  Detroit Lake was another 130 miles northeast in northwestern Minnesota.  Their trip to and from Detroit Lake took about two weeks.

In the summer of 1912, the Waters and a recently graduated high school student, Edith Mitchell, completed “a three-month automobile tour back to Alfred Waters’s boyhood home in Durham, New York.  Driving over roads that much of the way consisted of nothing more than dirt paths and stopping at nearly every town to obtain directions to the next one made the excursion quite an adventure.”12  The Waters were described as Edith Mitchell’s benefactors.  A birthday party for Edith had been held in the Waters home in March 1912 (see a photograph of the guests gathered in the Waters’ home in Part One).  In addition, the Waters enabled Edith to attend university.

Seven years after the Waters made their automobile trip to New York, Maude’s brother Herbert Bevers embarked with his family on an automobile journey from Watertown, South Dakota to Raymondville, Texas. It took 27 days to travel on primarily unpaved auto trails that had been designated during the 1910s. On their first day of travel, they took a transcontinental highway named Meridian Highway to Black and Yellow Trail, a road which passed through De Smet, connecting Chicago with Yellowstone National Park. The Bevers family did not enter De Smet, which was several miles west of the intersection where they arrived at the Black and Yellow Trail, rather they turned east toward Arlington. Herbert’s wife Lena kept a travel log during their trip which can be seen on the Legacy Page entitled: 1919 Lena Huppler Bevers’ Travel Log. To read about re-tracing the approximately 1900-mile journey in 2019, see the blogposts listed on the Legacy Page entitled: 2019 Retracing Lena Bevers’ Travel Log.

An historian of South Dakota and the Midwest has described the setting of the time and place in which the Waters lived as follows:

De Smet itself … stood unknowingly on the brink of a new era. In 1912, the town still retained many of the characteristics of an “island community,” which, according to historian Robert Wiebe, had dominated American society after the Civil War. Local affairs and concerns overshadowed events in distant urban areas. People felt remote from cities, comfortable within the cocoons they spun around themselves. Agriculture constituted the lifeblood of the community as people’s activities moved to the rhythms of seasonal agricultural processes. Citizens could easily assume that what happened in far-off cities and factories bore little relevance for them. The isolation that characterized little towns like De Smet in 1912, however, would soon recede as the national culture began to bear down upon the local.13

The above photograph was probably taken during the Old Settlers’ Day festivities on June 10, 1914. The audience is giving their attention to speakers who are standing on the steps of Waters Land and Loan Building at the intersection of Calumet Avenue (the main street) and Second Street, De Smet. (Photo credit: Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society)

In May 1916, Maude and her sister Gertrude made a trip to Mitchell, South Dakota, to attend the wedding of their sister Ada’s son, W. Arthur Mankey.14  The wedding was held in the home of the bride, Birdella Carhart, and the officiating minister was the bride’s father, Rev. A. E. Carhart.  Also, in attendance were Arthur’s brother G. Floyd Mankey and his cousin Lester Mankey.

In a previous blogpost about Maude and her sisters, it was noted that Maude’s grandfather, father and sisters were involved in the temperance movement (see Ada, Gertie and Maude). Now we learn that her husband may have had a role to play – or he may not have – in a related public debate, the regulation of liquor sales.  First some background: when the South Dakota constitution was created in 1889, its Article 24 banned individuals and corporations from manufacturing intoxicating liquor and from selling intoxicating liquor as a beverage. It did not address personal possession or consumption.  Only seven years later, in 1896, the voters of South Dakota repealed Article 24.  The following year, in order to regulate alcohol in the state, a local option law was adopted which “prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages within the limits of an incorporated city, town, or township without a license from the municipal government. Local governments could issue liquor licenses only with the approval of voters at a municipal general election.”15

Nearly twenty years later, the controversy over alcohol use and commerce in South Dakota was still highly debated, as well as in the nation.  The voters in South Dakota were evenly matched, dry voters favoring prohibition of alcohol and wet voters opposing prohibition.16  For the election in November 1916, the voters were asked to consider a referendum regarding a state constitutional amendment, which was referred to as Amendment 7.  “The measure sought to end the ‘sale, manufacture for sale, transportation for sale, importation for sale, and exportation for sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes.’  The amendment did not address personal possession and consumption ….”17

In the lead-up to the election, an organization presenting the wet argument and an organization presenting the dry argument vied for the voters’ attention by submitting advertisements to local newspapers.  The wet organization, called South Dakota Local Option League, supported the existing local option law.  S. D. Local Option League “distributed literature in 1916 urging voters to reject state prohibition and leave alcohol regulation a matter of local jurisdiction.”18  An advertisement printed in a county adjacent to Kingsbury County listed A. N. Waters as the president of the Kingsbury County branch of S. D. Local Option League.19  The advertisement claimed that the local option law was a temperance measure, and at its adoption in 1897 the local option law was supported by clergymen and businessmen.  The advertisement also stated that under prohibition prior to 1897 “the illegal sale of liquor was a common practice in nearly every city and town in South Dakota” and the enforcement of the prohibitory law in small towns was impossible “because of the domination of illegal dealers over the law enforcement officials.20

The argument in favor of prohibition was presented by the Anti-Saloon League. “While total prohibition was the organization’s ultimate goal, it preferred to work gradually. As its name indicated, the league focused on eliminating saloons, thereby avoiding the much more divisive issue of regulating personal alcohol consumption.”21

The uncertainty about whether Waters was publicly participating in the debate about alcohol regulation arises because S. D. Local Option League apparently used questionable tactics when declaring who was in support of its argument. The list of the county presidents of S. D. Local Option League was not entirely truthful. An article in the Brookings Register stated:

Some of the men whose names are given as officers of the so-called Local Option League are denying any connection with that organization. Hugo Cook, whose name has been printed in the ads as county president of Turner county, says, in a signed article in the Marion Record: “I want to say most emphatically that I have no connection with this organization in any manner whatsoever, and that the use of my name by them in the manner above mentioned, or in any other manner was and is done without my knowledge or consent and contrary to my wishes, and I have already taken steps, through my attorney, to bring legal action against the parties responsible for this fraud and imposition upon myself and the public. And I wish to state, further, that I am not in sympathy with the campaign methods employed by this organization and they need expect no assistance from me or any of my friends.”22

Amendment 7 passed with 55% of the votes cast.23 The next step was for the state legislature to create a law to regulate alcohol. Even though Amendment 7 was not a strict prohibition referendum, in that it did not prohibit personal possession and consumption of alcohol, in February 1917, the state legislature, which had been pressured by advocates of prohibition, created a law that banned liquor in commercial settings and also prohibited personal possession of liquor. This was followed nationally by both houses of Congress passing an amendment to the United States Constitution in December 1917. The national amendment prohibited manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes, as well as importation and exportation of intoxicating liquor. It was ratified by three-fourths of the states in January 1919. Prohibition of the alcohol industry was outlawed in the United States until 1933. It is the only amendment of U. S. Constitution that has been repealed.

The First World War had broken out in Europe in 1914 and the United States entered the war in April 1917.   Maude’s nephews, Edgar and Clarence Bevers, sons of her brother Herbert, registered for the draft about June 1917.  Edgar served in the military from July 1918 to October 1919.  Clarence also served in the military.  Herbert’s son, Arthur registered for the draft in September 1918, but the war came to an end in November 1918.

On Friday, May 4, 1917, representatives of the Brookings Chapter of Red Cross motored to De Smet in order to address “a mass meeting in the Episcopal Guild hall, called to organize a chapter of Red Cross.  The meeting was well attended and much interest and enthusiasm were shown by both men and women in De Smet.”24  Temporary officers of an organizing committee were chosen at this meeting.  Maude was chosen to be the treasurer.  Later she would hold the office of secretary.25  One month prior to this meeting there was only one chapter of Red Cross in South Dakota.  The following text about the Brookings Chapter provides information about the challenges that the chapter was facing, the De Smet Chapter would have faced the same challenges:

The [Brookings] chapter’s attention has been called to the appeal from headquarters for home knitted woolen socks for our soldiers in training.  The home-made woolen socks are easier on the feet while on the march and wear better.  It seems to be the general impression both among our people and our merchants that sock knitting has become a lost art among the women of our population.  Woolen yarn has advanced so much in price and quotations for the winter have advanced so much over old prices that the Brookings Chapter does not feel warranted at the present time in making any extensive purchase of woolen yarns, without knowing how many women would pledge themselves to do the knitting. …

The efficiency and value of our local chapter will depend upon the means at their command.  The prices of cotton and woolen goods for the hospital and trench supplies are so high it will be necessary to find some means of raising revenue, or the loyal and patriotic women willing to sew and knit and roll bandages will soon run out of materials.26

News item in the Sioux Falls newspaper, Argus-Leader
May 21, 1917

The United States census taken in January 1920 recorded that the Waters’ residence was on “Second Street South Side.”27  Alfred was 64 years old and he was working on his own account in the occupation of real estate.  Maude was 44 years old and did not have an occupation.  She was a naturalized citizen.  Besides Maude and Alfred there was a servant living at their home, named Kirstin Lunde, who was an alien from Norway.  She was 27 years old and single, she could read and write, and she spoke English.

For several years prior to 1921, Maude’s father had suffered from an illness that initially confined him to a wheelchair and later confined him to his bed.28  Eventually, Alfred Bevers was moved to the Waters’ home, and Maude and her sister Gertrude cared for him.  His illness was severe for about a year and he died on Monday, September 19, 1921.  Possibly after her father’s death, Maude took possession of his walking stick and the Bevers Family Bible.  (See more: Bevers Family Bible and Alfred & Mary Bevers Bible.)

In May 1922, Brookings Register reported: “Tuesday morning a large delegation of P. E. O. members from De Smet stepped off the passenger train and spent the day in Brookings as guests of the local chapter.”29  Maude was among this group of 15 women who were members of Chapter R of the Philanthropic Educational Organization sisterhood, which had been formed in De Smet in November 1920.30  This organization was an international women’s organization of the Methodist Church.  A news article seven years later announced that Maude was vice-president of the chapter and explained:

The De Smet chapter of the P. E. O. is neither a lodge nor a club, … although it has some of the ear-marks of both. … They take a decided interest in educational progress and have a large … educational fund that is constantly growing.  This fund is available to girls meeting certain requirements, at a small rate of interest, to finish their higher education and to date 2,796 girls have received loans of varying amounts. …

The chapter has a number of social events during the year but the one they feature most prominently is their annual Mother’s party in May when they entertain their mothers and others.31

As Waters health declined in the 1920s, he spent more time at home.  “He called it ‘the western office,’ and there he met business callers the latter years of his life. From that living room he directed business, encouraged others and planned for the future looking to the good of the community, politically, morally and financially.”32  One of the transactions he very likely handled at home was an extension of the lease of the post office.  On January 30, 1925, Waters Land and Loan Company, with Waters as President, made a five-year lease with the United States of America.  The consideration was $900.00 per annum for the occupation of the “one story brick premises known as the Waters Building situated in the north side of Second Street between Calumet and Joliet Avenues.”33  The lease was signed by the Post Master General and the Post Office Department seal was attached.  There has also been a report made of another transaction occurring that year: “Waters deeded the property [their home on Second Street] to his second wife Maude Waters on June 8, 1925, in consideration of love and affection.”34

Waters took ill on Thursday morning, August 25, 1927, sleeping peacefully part of the day and dying that afternoon.  His funeral was held at the Waters’ home on Sunday, August 28.  The officiating minister was Reverend Marcus Chase, who was the minister of De Smet Episcopal Methodist Church, the congregation of which Maude was a member.  Philo Hall, a long-time friend of Waters and a former U. S. congressman from South Dakota, gave a tender funeral address.

Some of Waters’ friends and business associates who attended the funeral were:

  • Merle Sasse – a pharmacist in De Smet whose father arrived in the town a year after Waters did
  • Otto Altfillisch – the full-time secretary of Waters Land and Loan and the person who made the funeral arrangements
  • D. A. Crawford – a director of Waters Land and Loan when it was incorporated twenty years earlier
  • Delbert W. Wilmarth – one of the early owners of a merchandise store in De Smet
  • Charles L. Dawley – one of Waters’ partners of Dakota Loan and Investment Company and Kingsbury County Abstract Company, both of which were founded in the 1880s
  • Charles H. Tinkham – the owner of the furniture and houseware store in De Smet, which opened in 1880
  • Frank Schaub – early harness-maker and general merchant of De Smet
  • John H. Hall – a dentist whose office was in the building owned by Waters Land and Loan Company
  • Henry Hinz – owner of a billiard hall in De Smet
  • Carter P. Sherwood – the publisher of a local newspaper since 1885

Attendees from out of town included:

  • Herbert and Lena Bevers – Maude’s brother and his wife who lived in Clear Lake, South Dakota
  • Edgar and Charlotte Bevers – Herbert Bevers’ son and his wife who lived in Watertown, South Dakota
  • Joseph B. Fairchild and wife – A son of a sister (Juliette Newman Fairchild) of Waters’ mother, who lived in Bryant, South Dakota
  • Harry Fairchild –Joseph B. Fairchild’s son, who lived in Watertown, South Dakota
  • John and Jessie Glendenning – who lived in Arlington, South Dakota; Jessie was a granddaughter of Maude’s mother’s brother (James Bridges).
  • Burt Glendenning, an acquaintance who had been a student at South Dakota Agricultural College while Maude attended there; Burt was John Glendenning’s younger brother
Maude and Alfred Waters’ gravestones, De Smet Cemetery
(Photograph taken by M. Wilson, June 28, 2021)

The De Smet News gave Waters a lengthy tribute, recounting his contributions to the county and town since their foundings.

A. N. Waters, Pioneer, Laid to Rest Here Sunday.
Death came suddenly to Mr. Waters after years of ill health; active in development of county and large holder of farm lands.

A. N. Waters died at his home here last Thursday afternoon without warning of a serious condition of health. He had not felt well that morning and a physician had been called. The day was spent in bed, asleep part of the time. Mrs. Waters talked with him during a waking spell in the afternoon and some time later he passed away quietly in his sleep. Death is attributed to heart trouble.

Mr. Waters was laid to rest in the local cemetery Sunday afternoon after services at the home, with the Rev. Marcus Chase officiating. Philo Hall of Brookings delivered a funeral address. The funeral was the occasion for a gathering of friends from many points in this state, and from others.

Death came at the age of 71 years and closed a lifetime spent in this community. Mr. Waters came here a young man, prospered in real estate, served his community in many ways, and even when ill health forced him from active business, he continued his home here. He was a factor for development in Kingsbury County and will be remembered as one of the town’s biggest men.

Alfred N. Waters came to De Smet from the East, born at Cornwallsville, N. Y., November 15, 1855. His mother died when he was but a few weeks old and he was reared by her people, the Newman family. Supreme Court Judge Alfred W. Newman of Wisconsin was his uncle. In a later marriage Mr. Waters’ father had a son and daughter. His childhood chums, however, were his cousins, two of whom, Mrs. John Hayden [nee Ella M. Fairchild] of this city and Joe [Joseph] Fairchild of Bryant, he came to cherish more as sister and brother.

Mr. Waters was graduated from Albany Law School and admitted to the bar, but when he came to Dakota Territory in August, 1880, it was development and not law that attracted him and he devoted himself to real estate.

Life in the pioneer torn appealed to the young lawyer from the East. He spent his first night in the [Amos] Whiting shanty on the farm six miles east of town. Later he boarded with the Arthur Sherwood family, “Sixteen of them in a house sixteen feet square,” he called it. He lived here through the Hard Winter and in the spring of 1881 made his famed hike along the railroad track in company with a brother of Mrs. Arthur Sherwood. The whole country had been snow-bound for months and the two young men struck out for the East, hauling a sled, and in four days reached Tracy, secured a team and floundered thru to Sleepy Eye, where they were again disappointed in train service and Mr. Waters continued on alone to New Ulm.

The trip east was for his marriage, which occurred in April, 1881, to Josie E. Humphrey, who died in 1900. He was married to Miss Maude Bevers of De Smet on May 11, 1904.

In engaging in real estate Mr. Waters first had Will E. Whiting associated with him. Later there was A. A. Anderson, and in 1885 the Dakota Loan and Investment company was formed, with C. L. Dawley and Al Thomas as associates. Two years later the Kingsbury County Abstract Company was formed, with J. C. Gibson, A. W. Mullen, Mr. Dawley, Mr. Thomas and Mr. Waters as members. It was this company that built the brick building occupied by the Peoples State Bank and Waters Land & Loan company today.

The present company was organized in 1905, with John Diamond and D. A. Crawford as associates, Mr. Waters being president. Tom Tandy, George Moody and C.L. Dawley were among those who took stock. D. A. Crawford and I.F. Altfillisch successively served as secretary before Otto Altfillisch became full-time secretary.

The company and Mr. Waters in his personal holdings became the largest holders of real estate in Kingsbury County. Its president was recognized as one of the leaders in promotion of immigration and development of the new state and his company years ago attained the position of the town’s leading institution. Mr. Waters served as vice president of the De Smet National Bank, but never actively engaged in banking.

Mr. Waters served his town as mayor and against considerable opposition he fathered the institution of city gas and water and the parkings along De Smet streets. Later he lent his efforts in the sewer project and improvement of water system. He served the creamery company as president, a community service. In later years he was one of a small group, including Mrs. Waters, who brought about the improvement of the cemetery.

“Judge” was the title applied to Mr. Waters by some friends. He served as probate judge, elected in 1889. A Republican and interested in politics, he had no political aspirations. He was a member of the A. O. U. W. and Elk orders.

The Waters residence was built in 1905 and has been maintained as one of the city’s best homes. In addition to the building that houses his company’s office Mr. Waters built the post-office building, and the excavation fronting on two streets is evidence of his further ambition in building De Smet.

It was to his home that Mr. Waters went a few years ago as his health failed him. He called it “the western office,” and there he met business callers the latter years of his life. From that living room he directed business, encouraged others and planned for the future looking to the good of the community, politically, morally and financially.

It was a life-long friend and admirer, Philo Hall, who paid tribute to Mr. Waters Sunday. The former congressman spoke feelingly of De Smet’s pioneer, as he stood in the home on the sad occasion, surrounded by others who had come to pay respects to the memory of a man with whom they had enjoyed business and social associations.

Active pallbearers Sunday were J. R. Andrews, F. W. Wright, Merle E. Sasse, James McCaskell, Wm. Robinson, Wm. H. Warren. Otto Altfillisch was in charge of funeral arrangements.

Honorary pallbearers were John T. Stafford, A. L. Fisher, Judge Nicholson, Dr. J. B. Egan, Al Johnson, A. H. Cornwell, C. H. Clay, from out of town, and D. A. Crawford, D. W. Wilmarth, C. L. Dawley, C. H. Tinkham, Ed Whalen, Frank Schaub, J. H. Hall, Henry Hinz, C. P. Sherwood, Hod Perry, from De Smet.

Out of town people at the A. N. Waters funeral were: Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Bevers, of Clear Lake, S.D.,; Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Bevers, Harry Fairchild, Judge John F. Nicholson and wife, and A. H. Cornwell, from Watertown; Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Fairchild, of Bryant; Mr. and Mrs. John Glendenning, Burt Glendenning and Mrs. Hopkins, Arlington; Mrs. A. L. Fisher, Madison, Wis.; Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Brennan, Miss Molly Brennan, Miss Mary Brennan and Waters & Anderson, Attorneys at Law. A. A. Anderson married a sister of Sarah Lyngbye, who married David A. Gilbert, Mrs. Leighton, Lake Preston; Mr. and Mrs. Walter Webb, of Mitchell; Mr. and Mrs. C. H Clay, Karl and Louise Clay, of Bancroft; Mr. Strand, of Clark; Mrs. V. D. Bassart, Brookings; Mrs. Frank Warring, Yankton; John T. Stafford, of Rock Island; and Dr. J. B. Egan and wife, from Dell Rapids.35

The final years of Maude Waters’ life will be the topic of the next blogpost.

1 Nancy S. Cleaveland and Gina Terrana, Waters (2015): http://www.pioneergirl.com/waters_cemetery.pdf.

2 “Waters-Bevers Nuptials,” Kingsbury County (South Dakota) Independent (May 13, 1904), in Nancy S. Cleaveland and Gina Terrana, Waters (2015): http://www.pioneergirl.com/waters_cemetery.pdf.

3 Nancy S. Cleaveland, “depot/station,” Laura Ingalls Wilder A-Z,  http://www.pioneergirl.com/blog/archives/6910.

4 _____, Kingsbury County Independent (De Smet, South Dakota), June 2, 1905, 5, Newspapers.com.

5 _____, Kingsbury County Independent (De Smet, South Dakota), July 16, 1909, 5, Newspapers.com.  

6 _____, Kingsbury County Independent (De Smet, South Dakota), November 5, 1909, 5, Newspapers.com.

7 _____, Kingsbury County Independent (De Smet, South Dakota), May 26, 1911, 5, Newspapers.com.  

8 _____, Argus-Leader (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), September 16, 1916, 3, Newspapers.com.

9 _____, Kingsbury County Independent (De Smet, South Dakota), July 14, 1911, 4, Newspapers.com.  

10 South Dakota State Historical Society, “Motor Vehicle Registration/Automobile Dealer License,” https://history.sd.gov/archives/data/autolicense/85133/Motor%20Vehicle%20Registration%2019051911lastname.pdf.

11 Nancy S. Cleaveland, “James Glover family,” Laura Ingalls Wilder A-Z,  http://www.pioneergirl.com/blog/archives/8403.

12 John E. Miller, “End of an Era: De Smet High School Class of 1912,” South Dakota History Volume 20 Number 3 (South Dakota Historical Society Press, September 26, 1990): 202, https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-20-3/end-of-an-era-de-smet-high-school-class-of-1912/vol-20-no-3-end-of-an-era.pdf.

13 Miller, “End of an Era:” 192.

14 _____, “Society,” Mitchell (South Dakota) Capital, May 4, 1916, 5, Newspapers.com.

15 Chuck Vollan, “Bone Dry” (Pierre, South Dakota: South Dakota State Historical Society, 2015): 193-94, https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-45-3/bone-dry-south-dakotas-flawed-adoption-of-alcohol-prohibition/4503_bone-dry_vollan.pdf.

16 Chuck Vollan, “Bone Dry:” 190.

17 Chuck Vollan, “Bone Dry:” 197-98.

18 Chuck Vollan, “Bone Dry:” 203.

19 _____, “South Dakota Local Option League,” Brookings (South Dakota) Register, September 7, 1916, 2, Newspapers.com.

20 _____, “South Dakota Local Option League,” September 7, 1916.

21 Chuck Vollan, “Bone Dry:” 205.

22 _____, Brookings (South Dakota) Press, September 28, 1916, 2.

23 Chuck Vollan, “Bone Dry:” 211.

24 _____, “Red Cross Notes,” Brookings (South Dakota) Register, May 10, 1917, 11, Newspapers.com.

25 _____, Argus-Leader (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), May 21, 1917, 10, Newspapers.com.

26 _____, “Red Cross Notes,” Brookings (South Dakota) Register.

27 “United States, Census, 1920”, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M6JQ-V9W : Wed Jan 15 12:36:57 UTC 2025), Entry for Alfred Waters and Maude Waters, 1920.

28 _____, De Smet (South Dakota) News, September 23, 1921 in Nancy S. Cleaveland and Gina Terrana, Waters (2015): http://www.pioneergirl.com/waters_cemetery.pdf.

29 Brookings (South Dakota) Register, May 11, 1922, 5, Newspapers.com.

30 _____, “PEO” in De Smet Yesterday and Today by Caryl Lynn Meyer Poppen, ed. (De Smet, South Dakota: De Smet Bicentennial Committee, 1976): 379.

31 _____, “De Smet P. E. O. Has Helped School Girls,” Daily Plainsman (Huron, South Dakota), November 23, 1929, 7, Newspapers.com.

32 _____, “A. N. Waters, Pioneer, Laid to Rest Here Sunday,” De Smet (South Dakota) News (September 2, 1927) in Nancy S. Cleaveland and Gina Terrana, Waters (2015): http://www.pioneergirl.com/waters_cemetery.pdf.

33 The Heritage House, LLC, “Abstract of Title,” Transfer Number 32.

34 Mike Siefker, “Hof’s stately home has history as a hospital,” Kingsbury Journal, May 4, 2022, 13.

35 _____, “A. N. Waters, Pioneer, Laid to Rest Here Sunday,” in Waters: http://www.pioneergirl.com/waters_cemetery.pdf.

Reminiscences of Uncle Bob, Part Five

MRW2 Comments

On the 10th of April, 1915, Charles and Maggie Daily left Omaha and headed with their family to South Dakota because Maggie “wanted to get back to the farm” (according to their son Robert1), and possibly wanting to get away from the tornadoes (according to one of their grandsons2). They moved to a farm in Rauville Township in Codington County.3  Rauville was “a station on the [Great Northern Railway], 6 miles N of Watertown,” and primarily the site of two grain companies.4 

The Daily family had been in South Dakota for two months when the state census was taken.  At that time, Charles was 58 years-old, Maggie was 47, Gladys was 22, Oranna, 19, Robert, 15, Iona, 12 and Elizabeth, 10.  The census forms of Charles and Maggie reveal that they had received a common education and the forms of Gladys and Oranna indicate that they had attended high school.  Also, the forms of Maggie, Gladys, Oranna and Robert note that their church affiliation was Methodist.

At about the age of 84, during an interview, Robert explained a little about settling in Rauville Township:

Interviewer:  When you came up here then [South Dakota], you prob’ly had a quarter to start with.

Uncle Bob:  Yeah, a quarter up here.  Across from Rauville Hall.

Interviewer:  Okay.

Uncle Bob:  Rauville Hall out there, eight miles north [of Watertown].

Interviewer:  And then you moved a mile south.

Uncle Bob:  Yeah, a mile south.  ‘Course, then we had the three quarters.

Interviewer:  And then didn’t you live further, uh, to the northwest of there?

Uncle Bob:  Ahh, not northwest.  But we come on down in ’29.  See Dad was on that place from 1917.  When we lived on the [Brent? or Brandt?] farm two years –

Interviewer:  Okay.

Uncle Bob:  ’15 and ’16.  Come down to Gunther’s in the fall of ’16.

Interviewer:  Um hmm.

Uncle Bob:  And o’ course, an’ then we lived there.  We lived there for 13 years, up to ’29.

Interviewer:  Oh!  You lived there quite a while.5

Charles’ name was in the Farmers’ List of the 1916 Watertown City and Codington County Directory, which indicated that he was a farm tenant of a 160-acre farm in section SW 17 of Rauville Township.6 In the 1919 edition of the directory, the entry for Charles noted that he was renting in section NE 30 of Rauville.7

Another thing Uncle Bob related was that in 1917 Charles’ brother William visited them while they were living at the Gunther farm and that was the last time that they saw William.  (He passed away in 1925 in or near Lovelock, Nevada.) Uncle Bob expounded, “I know he, when he went back through Chicago, why he, uh, bought a watch, a Waltham watch, for Dad. Sent it to him.  An’ Dad wore it, oh, clear up ‘til he was gone.  An’ I had it an’ I give it to [my son] for — to take care of, see.  Well, it’s in’resting, it’s right here in Watertown, it’s in [my son’s] lockbox right here in Watertown.”8  This would have been about 65 years after the purchase of the watch.

During the next several years, one by one Charles and Maggie’s children began moving out of their home, either by marrying or by finding work in a different location or by moving to Watertown to go to high school.  On October 17, 1917, 21 year-old Oranna married 20 year-old G. Ray Mills.  They were married by Charles J. Christianson, the pastor of First Congregational Church, which was located in Watertown.9  The following year, Oranna gave birth to Charles and Maggie’s first grandchild.  By 1919, Ray had begun farming near Rauville.10

Marriage record of G. Ray Mills and Oranna J. Daily, October 17, 19179

Newspaper items in the Watertown Public Opinion reveal that the Daily family became friends with the Herbert J. Bevers family.  On October 11, 1917, the newspaper reported: “Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Bevers, family and Miss Strombotne were dinner guests at the C. M. Daley [sp.] residence, near Rauville, Sunday.”11  The same issue also stated, “The Bever [sp.] and Daley [sp.] families autoed to Hazel and Grover Thursday on a combined business and pleasure trip.”12  On March 14, 1918, it was reported that “The Herbert Bevers family had as their guests, Sunday, Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Mills, Robert Dailey [sp.] and the Misses Iona and Elizabeth Dailey [sp.], of Rauville, and Miss Verna Edwards of Hazel.”13  Later that year, on July 11, a short article recounted that “Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Bevers of Elmira township, accompanied by Messrs Dailey [sp.] of Rauville and Wells of [Watertown], returned last week from a trip through portions of Minnesota and North Dakota. … [In the] valley of the Red River…, north of Big Stone City, S. D. … ‘it impressed [them] as having crops enough to feed the world, judging by the looks of the fields of grain.’”14

The First World War had broken out in Europe in 1914 and the United States entered the war in April 1917.  In June of that year the U. S. Congress authorized President Woodrow Wilson to institute a military draft of men from the age of 21 to 30.15  The purpose of this Selective Service Act was to increase the size of the army to 500,000 men.  A year later the army still was not large enough, so in August 1918, the Selective Service Act was amended to include all men between 18 and 45.16  Uncle Bob who turned 18 years old in May 1918 registered for the draft in September of that year.17  Mercifully, the war came to an end in November 1918 and Uncle Bob never served in the military.18 By 1920 Uncle Bob was boarding in Watertown at the home of Harold and Lula Nordaker, and working for a transfer company as a drayman (a driver of a cart or vehicle without fixed sides).19

The Daily family and the Bevers family became linked in 1919 when 25 year-old Gladys married 21 year-old Arthur on June 4th.  The marriage was officiated by S. W. Keck, the pastor of First Congregational Church.20  On February 18, 1920, when the U. S. census was taken, Arthur and Gladys were living with Charles and Maggie on the farm in Rauville.21  Two months later, Arthur and Gladys’ first son was born on that farm,22 giving Charles and Maggie a second grandchild.  Iona and Elizabeth were also recorded on the 1920 census sheet.

Marriage record of Arthur H. Bevers and Gladys M. Daily, June 4, 191920

In the 1919 Watertown directory, Iona was identified as a student and she was boarding at 215 4th Street SW, which was the address of George and Hattie Baxter.23  At the age of 17, she was attending Watertown High School.  Iona graduated in May 1921 and three months later, after obtaining a South Dakota Second Grade Teacher’s Certificate, she entered into a two-year contract with Richland School District No. Six and began teaching on September 5th.24 Elizabeth would also attend Watertown High School, graduating in 1923 at the age of 18.

The 1920 U. S. census indicated that the farm that the Dailys were renting was on Meridian Road, also known as Meridian Highway.  In 1911, a road development association, the International Meridian Road Association, had organized for the purpose of building a transcontinental road, on which “a full wagon-box load or a car at high gear can pass, except in wet weather.”25  The name of the highway was “derived from the Sixth Principal Meridian, which extends north-south through the Great Plains region.”26 The route that was designated as the Meridian Road had a starting point in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and ending points in Galveston, Texas and Mexico City.  Traveling along the eastern border of North Dakota, this highway entered South Dakota, veered west a short ways, then headed south and passed through Rauville and Watertown.  Presently, from the northern border of North Dakota to Watertown, Interstate Highway 29 and U. S. Highway 81 roughly follow the route that was once called the Meridian Highway.

The Meridian Highway evolved primarily as a farm-to-market road, important to the rural areas, small towns, and cities through which it passed.  The original route followed section line roads, running perpendicular to historic east–west transportation corridors.  Reflecting its creation from existing farm-to-market rural roads, the original highway passed through each county seat along its route.  In 1911 the Meridian Road Association was formed to mark, map, and promote the highway; in 1919 it became the Meridian Highway Association.  Similar to contemporaneous good roads organizations, the Meridian Highway Association consisted of representatives from the states, counties, and cities along the route.  The Meridian Highway promoters, however, perhaps in recognition of its divergence from more established routes, emphasized the absence of mountain passes and proclaimed that motorists could travel from Canada to Mexico without shifting gears.  The association sold memberships and instituted widely publicized tours.  When the association was a year old, in 1912, an automobile caravan was organized to travel the route south to Mexico, an event that was irregularly repeated in subsequent years.27

According to the U. S. census of Omaha, in 1920 Maggie’s mother Josephine (nee Smith) Bonewitz was living with Maggie’s niece Maggie (nee Thompson) Stier.28  Maggie Stier and her husband Fred were renting one of the two homes that the Dailys still owned in Omaha.29  In his interview, Uncle Bob mentioned a trip that Maggie Daily made to visit her 83 year-old mother in Omaha:

Uncle Bob: October 7, 1920. Yeah, that’s right there. I can remember that, oh, [like] it was yesterday. Mother was — Mother went down to, uh. ‘Course, I had a date with Ruby and Mother was away, at the time, see.

Interviewer:  Um hmm.

Uncle Bob:  An’ ‘course, Grandma passed away.  I don’t know what this date was, far as it was in 1920.  An’ she come home on the train an’ I was suppose t’ meet her.  An’ I didn’t. 

Interviewer:  And you didn’t.  [squealing laughter]

Uncle Bob:  I didn’t [pass] that too well.

Interviewer:  And you were in trouble!

Uncle Bob:  Yeah.  Didn’t think much of me.  [chuckling]30

Just over a year later, Robert married Ruby Brumbaugh on December 22, 1921.31  The following December, Ruby gave birth to Charles and Maggie’s fourth grandchild.  Gladys had had her second child in August 1921 (the third grandchild) and Oranna would have her second child eight days after Ruby (the fifth grandchild).

Marriage record of Robert L. Daily and Ruby V. Brumbaugh, December 22, 192131

When Gladys’ in-laws, Herbert and Lena Bevers, moved their family to Raymondville, Texas in the fall of 1919, Elizabeth and Iona kept in touch with their son Willis.  The Bevers family returned to South Dakota a year later, but Willis stayed and worked on a road crew for another year.32  About three years after Willis returned to South Dakota, Elizabeth and Willis would marry.  The letters that they had exchanged during those two years are in the possession of one of their sons.  They were married on February 11, 1925, by Granville M. Calhoun, the minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Watertown.33 They set up their household in Watertown for a few months and later moved to a farm southwest of Grover.34 Their first child was born in December 1925 and was the tenth grandchild of Charles and Maggie.  Gladys had born two more children, and Oranna and Ruby had each born one more by this time.

Marriage record of Willis H. Bevers and Elizabeth J. B. V. Daily, February 11, 192533

When the 1925 South Dakota Census was conducted, the only child that was living with Charles and Maggie in Rauville was 22 year-old Iona.  She would get married soon afterward, marrying Robert Zick on June 10.35  The officiating minister was Charles W. Zech [sp.?], who was likely the pastor of First Church Evangelical Association.36  Charles and Maggie’s daughter Gladys and her family were living in Rauville, but they may have been living on a different farm than Charles and Maggie.  Oranna and her husband were also still in Rauville.37  Robert had moved with his family to a farm in Germantown Township, Codington County.38

Marriage record of Robert Zick and L. Iona Daily, June 10, 192535

After living and working for 13 years on the Gunther farm, Charles and Maggie moved to another farm in the fall of 1929.  Uncle Bob explained the circumstances around their move:

Uncle Bob:  So, I went out there in the spring of ’29 on [Longstocker?] place.  An’ then Dad had a sale that fall in ’29, up on Gunther farm. 

Interviewer:  Uh huh.

Uncle Bob:  Now ‘o course, he had, he had the hay and he had his cows yet.  He kept his cows.

Interviewer: Um hmm.

Uncle Bob:  I had him come down, with me there.  That house was able – we had two different entrances.  So, so, we lived in two rooms there for ’29, and uh, oh, in the fall of ’29, that’s when Dad come down and moved in there.  Why, we had our — I had cows and he had cows.  Took ’em there.  But then I got a chance in the fall of ‘30 to buy Faragher [sp.?] out.  And, uh, ‘course, I had 1300 head o’ cattle and Faragher [sp.?] had 1700 head o’ cattle.  And uh, I moved down there.  Well, Dad figured maybe I was bitin’ off more – see, the bank was willing to loan me the money because he, Faragher [sp.?] was on there and he owed ‘em $500.  And uh, it was willing to, uh, take the loan over, oh, the mortgage over on a younger man.

Interviewer:  Um hmm.

Uncle Bob:  That’s the way I come in on it.

Interviewer:  Ahhh.  Uh huh.

Uncle Bob:  The bank loaned me all the money to buy Faragher [sp.?] out —

Interviewer:  Sure, sure.

Uncle Bob:  — and then they get their money.  They got their money, see.  …

Interviewer:  That must have been about when, when Grandpa moved to town then?  In ’30?

Uncle Bob:  Well, no.  No, he stayed there one more.  He stayed there one year and he handled the place ….  He put up the hay and fed cattle, out there.  … And so uh, when I come down here in the fall of ’30 to Longstocker’s [perhaps he meant Faragher’s instead], he stayed on one more year, and then he, uh, sold out.  And uh, moved into east Watertown, there.  That’s where he moved to then at that time.  Moved out there.39

On April 10, 1930 a census taker visited the home of Charles and Maggie in Lake Township, Codington County, also visiting the home of Robert and Ruby and their two daughters .40  Charles was 73 years-old and Maggie was 62 years-old.  Both Charles and Robert were farmers and they were actually working on the day before the census taker visited.  Oranna and her three children, aged eleven, seven and four, were living with Charles and Maggie.  Two hardships had afflicted Oranna in the 1920s: she began having epileptic seizures and her husband had deserted her.41  The census record indicates that she was divorced by 1930.

Gladys and Arthur had seven children by this time and were living on a farm very close to Elizabeth and Willis who were also living on a farm, both farms being in Kampeska Township, Codington County.42  Elizabeth had born three children, but one daughter had only lived for four months.  Living with Elizabeth and Willis were his parents Herbert and Lena Bevers.  Iona and Robert had two children prior to 1930 and would have another child a couple months after the census was taken.  They were still living on a farm in Rauville.43  So, as of the end of 1930, Charles and Maggie had 17 living grandchildren. 

In 1930, the United States government wanted to determine the extent of ownership of radio sets in the nation, so one of the questions on the 1930 census was whether the householder owned a radio set.  Between 1905 and 1920, radio broadcasting had been primarily a hobby of amateur radio operators.  During the early 1920s, broadcast stations began to be established in cities and they began providing live programs of music and information for public audiences.  At the time of the census, Charles did not own a radio set and the only ones among his children that owned a radio set were Elizabeth and Willis. 

In the next blogpost of Uncle Bob’s reminiscences, we will learn about Charles and Maggie’s years of living in Watertown, South Dakota.

1. M. R. Wilson, transcription of Robert Lee Daily Interview by R. Thiele, recording (ca. 1984): 8-9.

2. E. M. Bevers, email communication with M. R. Wilson, January 28, 2018.

3. _________, “Charles Monroe Daily Family,” in The First 100 Years in Codington County, South Dakota, 1879-1979, by Codington County History Book Committee (Watertown, South Dakota: Watertown Public Opinion Print, 1979): 150.

4. H. L. Hill (Ed.), Watertown City and Codington County Directory 1916-1917 (Watertown, South Dakota: Watertown Printing and Binding Co., 1916): 317.

5. Wilson, Robert Lee Daily Interview: 25.

6. Hill, Watertown City and Codington County Directory 1916-1917: 336.

7. H. L. Hill (Ed.), Watertown City and Codington County Directory 1919-1920 (Watertown, South Dakota: Watertown Printing and Binding Co., 1919): 323.

8. Wilson, Robert Lee Daily Interview: 14.

9. Ancestry.com, “Record of marriage of Ray Mills and Oranna Daily,” South Dakota Marriages, 1905-1949 (Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2005).

10. Hill, Watertown City and Codington County Directory 1919-1920: 345.

11. ________, Saturday News (Watertown, South Dakota, Oct. 11, 1917), https://www.newspapers.com/image/466193821.

12. ________, Saturday News (Watertown, South Dakota, Oct. 11, 1917), https://www.newspapers.com/image/466193821.

13. ________, Saturday News (Watertown, South Dakota, Mar. 14, 1918), https://www.newspapers.com/image/465662336.

14. ________, Saturday News (Watertown, South Dakota, Jul. 11, 1918), https://www.newspapers.com/image/465664742.

15. 65th Congress, “Congressional Act H. R. 3545,” in United States of America, Public Laws of the Sixty-Fifth Congress (Washington, D. C., 1917): 76-83, http://legisworks.org/congress/65/publaw-12.pdf

16. 65th Congress, “Congressional Act H. R. 12731,” in United States of America, Public Laws of the Sixty-Fifth Congress (Washington, D. C., 1918}: 955-957, http://legisworks.org/congress/65/publaw-210.pdf.

17. “United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-81WF-YWR?cc=1968530&wc=9FC7-FM9%3A928420501%2C928501301 : 9 September 2019), South Dakota > Codington County; A-Z > image 630 of 3493; citing NARA microfilm publication M1509 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

18. “United States Census, 1930,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RCF-HX1?cc=1810731&wc=QZF7-DBF%3A648803701%2C649380801%2C648842001%2C1589282340 : 8 December 2015), South Dakota > Codington > Lake > ED 12 > image 2 of 6; citing NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002).

19. “United States Census, 1920,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GRVM-Z27?cc=1488411&wc=QZJB-QKD%3A1036874501%2C1039011801%2C1039046901%2C1589332554 : 13 September 2019), South Dakota > Codington > Watertown Ward 4 > ED 101 > image 17 of 41; citing NARA microfilm publication T625 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

20. Ancestry.com, “Record of marriage of Arthur H. Bevers and Gladys M. Daily,” South Dakota Marriages, 1905-1949 (Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005).

21. “United States Census, 1920,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RVM-D6Z?cc=1488411&wc=QZJB-434%3A1036874501%2C1039011801%2C1039036701%2C1589332505 : 13 September 2019), South Dakota > Codington > Rauville > ED 94 > image 2 of 7; citing NARA microfilm publication T625 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

22. L. A. Bevers, personal interview with M. R. Wilson, August 2, 2010.

23. Hill, Watertown City and Codington County Directory 1919-1920: 62, 242.

24. Teacher’s Contract of Richland School District No. Six with Iona Daily, August 11, 1921.

25. ________, Meridian Highway, https://web.archive.org/web/20070924192054/http://www.drivetheost.com/meridianhighway.html.

26. D. Moore, et al., The Meridian Highway in Texas (Austin, Texas: Texas Historical Commission, May 27, 2016): 1.

27. C. Ahlgren, The Meridian Highway (2011), http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.tra.020.xml.

28. “United States Census, 1920,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GRXW-XQR?cc=1488411&wc=QZJ5-LMG%3A1036473301%2C1036471902%2C1037747101%2C1589333009 : 12 September 2019), Nebraska > Douglas > Omaha Ward 9 > ED 105 > image 11 of 30; citing NARA microfilm publication T625 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

29. ________, City Directory of Greater Omaha 1920 (Omaha, Nebraska: R. L. Polk & Co., 1920): 1229.

30. Wilson, Robert Lee Daily Interview: 19.

31. Ancestry.com, “Record of marriage of Robert L. Daily and Ruby Violet Brumbaugh,” South Dakota Marriages, 1905-1949 (Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005).

32. D. L. Bevers, Herbert and Lena Bevers trip to Raymondville Texas [Transcription of Our Trip to Texas by Lena Bevers, 1919] (unpublished, n.d.): 4.

33. Ancestry.com, “Record of marriage of Willis H. Bevers and Elizabeth Daily,” South Dakota Marriages, 1905-1949 (Provo, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005).

34. ________, “Willis Herbert Bevers,” in The First 100 Years in Codington County, South Dakota, 1879-1979, by Codington County History Book Committee (Watertown, South Dakota: Watertown Public Opinion Print, 1979): 116.

35. Ancestry.com, “Record of marriage of Robert Zick and Iona Daily,” South Dakota, U. S., Marriages, 1905-2017 (Lehi, Utah: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2005).

36. H. L. Hill (Ed.), Watertown City and Codington County Directory 1926-1927 (Watertown, South Dakota: Peck-Hill Company): 9.

37. Hill, Watertown City and Codington County Directory 1926-1927: 347.

38. “South Dakota State Census, 1925,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-DCR9-M87?cc=1476077&wc=MJ7S-C68%3A1041724801 : 21 May 2014), 004245665 > image 2963 of 3379; State Historical Society, Pierre.

39. Wilson, Robert Lee Daily Interview: 25-26.

40. “United States Census, 1930,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RCF-HX1?cc=1810731&wc=QZF7-DBF%3A648803701%2C649380801%2C648842001%2C1589282340 : 8 December 2015), South Dakota > Codington > Lake > ED 12 > image 2 of 6; citing NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002).

41. Wilson, Robert Lee Daily Interview: 10.

42. “United States Census, 1930,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-GRCF-HB3?cc=1810731&wc=QZF7-6VX%3A648803701%2C649380801%2C649388101%2C1589282323 : 8 December 2015), South Dakota > Codington > Kampeska > ED 10 > image 1 of 8; citing NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002).

43. “United States Census, 1930,” database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RCF-8C9?cc=1810731&wc=QZF7-DT9%3A648803701%2C649380801%2C649393801%2C1589282372 : 8 December 2015), South Dakota > Codington > Rauville > ED 16 > image 5 of 8; citing NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002).